Maitiro Okuongorora Mari yeKambani

1. Kunzwisisa Nheyo dzeNheyo dzeMari

Kunyura munyika yekuongorora zvemari, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa chimiro chekutanga uye zvikamu zvezvirevo zvemari. Ivo vanoshanda sehwaro hwekuongorora kwekambani, vachipa mufananidzo wehutano hwemari hwekambani uye mashandiro.

The Chiyero papepa, yekutanga yemagwaro akakosha aya, inopa mufananidzo wemidziyo yekambani, zvikwereti, uye kuenzana pane imwe nguva. Zvinhu zvinosanganisira zvese zvine kambani, kubva kumari uye hesera kusvika kune zvivakwa nemidziyo. Zvikwereti, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinomiririra izvo kambani ine chikwereti, kusanganisira zvikwereti, maakaundi anobhadharwa, uye chikwereti chenguva refu. Musiyano uripo pakati pemidziyo nezvikwereti unotipa kuenzana kwekambani, kazhinji kunodaidzwa kuti kuenzanirana kwemugodhi.

Inotevera inouya iyo statement statement. Gwaro iri rinoratidza mari yekambani, mari, uye mari inoshandiswa kwenguva yakati rebei, ichipa mufananidzo wakajeka wekubudirira kwekambani. Mari inowanikwa, inozivikanwawo seyepamusoro mutsara, inogadzirwa kubva kune epakati bhizinesi mashandiro ekambani. Mari uye mari, inobviswa pamari, inosanganisira mutengo wezvinhu zvinotengeswa, mari yekushandisa, mutero, uye mubereko. Huwandu hwekupedzisira, iyo mambure emari, inowanzonzi ndiyo yepasi, uye inoratidza kuita purofiti yekambani.

Chirevo chechitatu chakakosha ndechekuti chirevo chekuyerera kwemari. Kusiyana neshoko remari, iro rinogona kukanganiswa nemaitiro e accounting, chirevo chekuyerera kwemari chinopa maonero akajeka ekuti imarii iri kuburitswa nekambani uye kuti iri kushandiswa kupi. Yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: mari inoyerera kubva kumabasa ekushanda, mabasa ekudyara, uye mabasa emari.

• Mabasa ekushandisa sanganisira mari inokonzerwa nekutengeserana inogadzira mari uye mari. Inotiudza kuti imarii mabhizinesi ekambani ari kugadzira.
• Zviitiko zvekudyara inoratidza kutenga kwekambani uye kutengesa kwezvinhu zvenguva refu, senge midziyo nemidziyo.
• Mabasa emari ratidza kuyerera kwemari kubva uye kune ekunze masosi, sevanokweretesa, vanoisa mari, uye vanogovana.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvitatu zvirevo zvemari kwakakosha pakuongorora hutano hwemari hwekambani. Ivo vanopa iyo mbishi data iyo ichashandiswa mukuongororwa kwechiyero chemari, kuongororwa kwemaitiro, uye kuenzanisa kweindasitiri, pakati pevamwe. Pepa remari rinoratidza kuti ndezvipi uye zvikwereti zvekambani, chirevo chemari chinoratidza kuti mashandiro acho ane pundutso sei, uye chirevo chekuyerera kwemari chinoburitsa kuti imarii iri kugadzirwa uye inoshandiswa.

1.1. Tsanangudzo uye Kukosha Kwezvirevo Zvemari

Munyika yekutengesa, the chirevo chemari zvakafanana nemoyo wekambani. Igwaro rakakosha rinopa traders ine tarisiro yakazara yehutano hwemari hwekambani. Asi chii chaizvo chiri chirevo chemari, uye nei chichikosha zvakadaro?

Chirevo chemari, muchimiro chayo chakapfava, chinyorwa chakadzama chezviitiko zvemari zvekambani. Iyo yakakamurwa kuita zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru: chiyero chemari, chirevo chemari, uye chirevo chekuyerera kwemari.

The Chiyero papepa inopa mufananidzo wemidziyo yekambani, zvikwereti, uye kuenzana kwevagovani pane imwe nguva nenguva. Inopa traders kunzwisisa kwezvine kambani uye zvikwereti, pamwe nemari inoiswa nevanogovana.

The statement statement inoratidza mari yekambani, mari, uye mari inoshandiswa nekufamba kwenguva. Chirevo ichi chakakosha kune traders sezvo ichipa tarisiro yekubudirira kwekambani, kana kushomeka kwayo.

The chirevo chekuyerera kwemari, kune rumwe rutivi, inoratidza kuti shanduko mubhadhareti uye mari inobata sei mari uye mari yakaenzana. Inotyora kuongororwa kusvika kukushanda, kuisa mari, uye kuita mari.

Nezvikamu zvitatu izvi, chirevo chemari chinopa mucherechedzo wakakwana wemamiriro emari ekambani. Asi nei zvichikosha?

Kukosha kwezvirevo zvemari hakugone kuwedzeredzwa. Vanoshanda sechinhu chakakosha chekushandisa traders kuita zvisarudzo zvine ruzivo. Nekuongorora masitatimendi emari ekambani, traders inogona kuongorora purofiti yekambani, liquidity, solvency, uye kushanda zvakanaka.

Kuburikidza nezvinyorwa zvemari, traders inogona kuona mafambiro uye mapatani mukuita kwemari kwekambani, kufanotaura kuita kweramangwana, uye kuenzanisa nemamwe makambani muindasitiri imwe chete. Vanogona zvakare kuona mireza matsvuku, sekuwedzera zvikwereti kana kudzikira kwemari, izvo zvinogona kuratidza zviri kunetsa mukati mekambani.

Saka, sezva traders, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise tsananguro uye kukosha kwezvirevo zvemari. Iwo haangori magwaro akazadzwa nenhamba, asi maturusi ane simba anogona kukubatsira iwe kuita ruzivo uye zvine hungwaru hwekutengesa sarudzo.

1.2. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveMashoko eMari

Paunenge uchinyura munyika yezvirevo zvemari, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise zvakakosha zvinoumba magwaro aya.

The Scale Sheet, inozivikanwawo sechirevo chemamiriro emari, inopa mufananidzo wehutano hwemari hwekambani pane imwe nguva. Yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: assets, liabilities, uye shareholders' equity. midziyo zviwanikwa zvekambani, izvo zvinogona kuunza hupfumi mune ramangwana. Zvikwereti kumiririra zvisungo kune vechitatu mapato, nepo Vashandi vemari ndiyo yasara kufarira pazvinhu zvekambani mushure mekubvisa zvikwereti.

Zvadaro, tine Chirevo Chemari. Gwaro iri rinopfupisa mihoro yekambani, mari, uye mari inoshandiswa pane imwe nguva. Inotanga nemari yakawandisa, inobvisa mutengo wezvinhu zvinotengeswa (COGS) kuti isvike pamari yakawandisa. Mushure mekubvisa mari yekushandisa, mubereko, uye mutero, tinosvika pamari inowanikwa, inova purofiti kana kurasikirwa kwekambani panguva iyoyo.

The Cash Kuyerera Chirevo chimwe chinhu chinokosha. Inopa ruzivo pamusoro pemarisiti emari yekambani uye kubhadhara mari panguva yekuverenga. Yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: mabasa ekushanda, mabasa ekudyara, uye mabasa emari.

Pakupedzisira, pane Chirevo cheKuchinja kweEquity. Inopa humbowo hwakadzama hwekuchinja kwehuwandu hwekambani panguva yakatarwa. Inosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita semari yakapihwa, mihoro yakachengetwa, uye mamwe matura.

Kana uchiongorora zvirevo izvi, zvakakosha kuti usangotarisa manhamba asi unzwisise nyaya iri shure kwavo. Semuyenzaniso, mari yakakwira mambure kazhinji chiratidzo chakanaka, asi kana ichikonzerwa nekuwana kamwe chete uye kusadzokororwa kwemari, inogona kusagadzikana mukufamba kwenguva. Saizvozvo, kambani ine zvinhu zvakakwirira asiwo zvikwereti zvakakwirira zvinogona kunge zvisina kugadzikana mune zvemari sezvazvinoratidzika.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvakakosha zvikamu uye kupindirana kwavo kwakakosha mukuongorora hutano hwemari hwekambani uye kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwekutengesa.

2. Kuongorora Mari dzeMari

Kunyura mukati memoyo wekuongorora chirevo chemari, tinozviwana isu tichifambisa mafungu ane mhirizhonga e Balance Mapepa, Zvinyorwa zveMari, uye Cash Flow Statements. Rimwe nerimwe remagwaro aya rinopa maonero akasarudzika muhutano hwemari hwekambani, uye kuzvinzwisisa kwakakosha mukuita sarudzo dzekutengesa uine ruzivo.

The Scale Sheet zvakangofanana nemufananidzo wemamiriro ezvemari ekambani pane imwe nguva. Iyo inodonongodza zviwanikwa zvekambani, zvikwereti, uye kuenzana kwevagovani, ichipa tarisiro yakazara yezvine kambani uye zvikwereti, pamwe nekudyara kwakaitwa nevanogovana. Paunenge uchiongorora balance sheet, traders inofanirwa kutarisisa kune yekambani Ratio Razvino (zvinhu zvazvino zvakakamurwa nezvikwereti zvazvino), izvo zvinopa nzwisiso mukukwanisa kwekambani kubhadhara zvisungo zvayo zvenguva pfupi.

Inotevera inouya iyo Chirevo Chemari, chinyorwa chekambani inoita purofiti munguva yakatarwa. Inotaridza mihoro yekambani, mari, uye mari inoshandiswa, zvichiguma nemari inowanikwa. Traders inofanirwa kutarisa mafambiro ekukura kwemari uye mari inowanikwa, pamwe nemutengo wezvinhu zvinotengeswa (COGS) uye mari yekushandisa. Chiyero chakakosha chekuongorora apa ndicho Profit kumahombekombe (mari inowanikwa yakakamurwa nemari yese), izvo zvinoratidza kuti purofiti yakawanda sei inoitwa padhora rekutengesa.

Chikamu chekupedzisira chepuzzle chemari ichi ndicho Cash Kuyerera Chirevo. Gwaro iri rinorekodha kuti shanduko mumaakaunti epepa remari uye mari inotapurira sei mari uye yakaenzana nemari, uye inotyora kuongororwa kusvika pakushanda, kudyara, uye kuita mari. For traders, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti kambani inogona kuratidza purofiti pane chirevo chemari, asi ichiri mudambudziko kana mari yavo isina kunaka.

• Mabasa Ekuita: Ichi chikamu chinoratidza mari inogadzirwa kubva kune yakakosha bhizinesi mashandiro ekambani. Inoratidza kuti imarii inoitwa mari kubva kune zvigadzirwa kana masevhisi ekambani.
• Kuisa Mari Mabasa: Chikamu ichi chinoratidza mari inoshandiswa kuisa mari mumidziyo, pamwe nemari inobva mukutengeswa kwemamwe mabhizinesi, michina, kana zvinhu zvenguva refu.
• Zvekuita Zvemari: Ichi chikamu chinopa mari yakabhadharwa uye yakagamuchirwa kubva kunze, sevanokweretesa, vanoisa mari, uye vanogovana.

Metric yakakosha apa ndiyo Yemahara Mari Inoyerera (mari kubva kumabasa ekushanda kubvisa mari inoshandiswa), iyo inoratidza kuti imarii yasara nekambani kuti iwedzere bhizinesi rayo kana kudzokera kune vane mashareva mushure mekunge yabhadhara mari yayo uye nekuita mari inodiwa mubhizinesi rayo.

Nepo maitiro acho angaite seanoomesera, kunzwisisa izvi zvitatu zvirevo zvemari uye chiyero chakakosha chinobva mazviri hunyanzvi hwakakosha kune chero. trader. Inopa hwindo rakakosha muhutano hwemari hwekambani, inopa simba traders kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo uye dzine pundutso.

2.1. Ratio Analysis

Munyaya yekuongorora mari, kushandiswa kwe Ratio Analysis chishandiso chine simba chinogona kupa tradeKutarisisa kwakadzama, kwehungwaru mukuita kwekambani. Iyi nzira yakafanana negirazi rinokudza iro rinokutendera kuti utarise mataurirwo emari ekambani, uchipenengura mashure kuratidza hutano huri pasi pebhizinesi.

Ratio Analysis inosanganisira kuenzaniswa kwezvinhu zvemutsara mune zvinyorwa zvemari zvekambani. Aya mareshiyo anogona kukamurwa zvakafara mumhando shanu, imwe neimwe ichishandira chinangwa chakati:

• Liquidity Ratio: Aya mareshiyo anoyera kugona kwekambani kuzadzisa zvisungo zvayo zvenguva pfupi. Zvinosanganisira Current Ratio uye Quick Ratio.
• Solvency Ratios: Solvency ratios, yakadai seChikwereti kuEquity Ratio, inopa ruzivo mukukwanisa kwekambani kuzadzisa zvisungo zvayo zvenguva refu.
• Efficiency Ratios: Effective ratios seyeInventory Turnover Ratio uye Receivables Turnover Ratio rubatsiro traders kunzwisisa mashandisiro ari kuita kambani kushandisa zvinhu zvayo uye kutonga zvikwereti zvayo.
• Kubatsira Ratios: Aya mareshiyo, anosanganisira Net Profit Margin uye Return on Equity, anogona kubatsira traders gauge purofiti yekambani.
• Market Prospect Ratio: Market Prospect ratios seMuhoro wega wega (EPS) uye Mutengo kune Earnings Ratio (PE Ratio) inopa traders pfungwa yeramangwana rekambani tarisiro.

Kunzwisisa zviyero izvi kwakakosha, asi zvakakoshawo kugona kuzvidudzira nemazvo. Semuenzaniso, yakakwira Current Ratio inogona kuratidza kugona kwakasimba kwekambani kuzadzisa zvisungo zvayo zvenguva pfupi. Nekudaro, inogona zvakare kupa zano kuti kambani haisi kunyatso shandisa midziyo yazvino kana zvivakwa zvenguva pfupi.

Uyezve, zvakakosha kuenzanisa zviyero izvi munguva dzakasiyana uye nemakambani ari muindasitiri imwe chete. Iyi ongororo yekuenzanisa inogona kupa mufananidzo wakadzama wemashandiro ekambani.

Rangarira, Ratio Analysis ingori chishandiso chimwe mu trader's toolbox. Zvakakosha kuishandisa pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira kuti uwane mufananidzo wakakwana wehutano hwemari hwekambani. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuti unzwisise zvipimo zveRatio Analysis. Semuyenzaniso, inotsamira zvakanyanya paruzivo rwuri muzvinyorwa zvemari zvekambani, izvo zvingasagara zvichinyatsoratidza huchokwadi hwehupfumi hwekambani nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita semaitirwo eakaunzi uye manejimendi.

Pakupedzisira, Ratio Analysis inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha, asi inofanira kushandiswa nehungwaru uye inopindirana nedzimwe nzira dzekuongorora. Icho chishandiso chine simba, asi sechishandiso chipi nechipi, kushanda kwayo kunoenderana nehunyanzvi uye ruzivo rwemunhu anoishandisa.

2.2. Trend Analysis

Kunyura mukati menyika yekuongorora chirevo chemari, munhu haagone kufuratira kukosha kwemaitiro ekuongorora. Trend analysis chishandiso chine simba icho traders kushandisa kuongorora hutano hwemari uye kukura kwekambani. Zvinosanganisira kuenzanisa data renhoroondo pamusoro penguva yakatarwa kuti uone maitiro anowirirana kana mafambiro.

Semuenzaniso, ngatitarisei mari yekambani. Kana mari yekambani yanga ichiramba ichiwedzera mumakore mashoma apfuura, chiratidzo chakanaka chinoratidza kukura kwekambani. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuderera kwemaitiro kunogona kusimudza mureza mutsvuku.

Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti ongororo yemaitiro haisi yekungoona mapatani. Ndezvekuchera zvakadzama kuti unzwisise zvikonzero zviri shure kwemaitiro aya. Kamwe kamwe spike mumari inogona kunge iri nekuda kwechiitiko chenguva imwe chete, sekutengeswa kwechikamu chebhizinesi, uye chinogona kusaratidza kukura mune ramangwana.

Paunenge uchiita ongororo yemaitiro, traders kazhinji inotarisa pane dzinotevera nzvimbo dzakakosha:

• Kukura Kwemari: Kuwedzera kusingagumi kwemari inowanzova chiratidzo chakanaka. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kwakabva kukura uku. Imhaka yekuwedzera kwekutengesa here, kana kuti nekuda kwechiitiko chenguva imwe chete?
• Profit Margins: Kuwedzera purofiti kunoratidza kuti kambani iri kudzora mitengo yayo nemazvo. Icho chiratidzo chekushanda zvakanaka.
• Dzokera paEquity (ROE): ROE chiyero chekubudirira kwekambani. ROE iri kusimuka inoratidza kuti kambani iri kuunza purofiti yakawanda padhora rega rega rekuenzana.
• Maitiro echikwereti: Kuwedzera kwechikwereti kunogona kuve chiratidzo chekunyevera. Zvakakosha kuenzanisa zvikwereti zvekambani nevezera reindasitiri kuti uwane mufananidzo wakajeka.

Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti ongororo yemaitiro ingori chikamu chimwe chekuongorora chirevo chemari. Kunyange ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha, inofanirwa kushandiswa pamwe chete nemamwe maturusi uye matekiniki ekuongorora kwakadzama.

Uyezve, nepo ongororo yemaitiro ichigona kubatsira kufanotaura kuita kweramangwana, haisi nzira yekupusa. Kushanda kwekare hakusi nguva dzose chiratidzo chechokwadi chemigumisiro yeramangwana. Naizvozvo, traders inofanira kuishandisa segwara, kwete vimbiso. Zvinogara zvakakosha kuti utarise zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semamiriro emusika, mafambiro eindasitiri, uye zviitiko zvakanangana nekambani.

2.3. Kuenzanisa Kuongorora

As traders, tinoziva kuti zvirevo zvemari zvekambani ndiwo musimboti wekuita kwedu sarudzo. Asi, kungotarisa chirevo chimwe chezvemari chekambani kwakafanana nekuedza kunzwisisa firimu nekuona chiitiko chimwe chete. Ndiko kuongorora kwekuenzanisa kunopa mufananidzo wakakwana wehutano hwemari hwekambani.

Tanga nekuenzanisa mari yekambani pane imwe nguva. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se horizontal analysis. Inokupa mufananidzo wekuti kambani yakaita sei mumakore apfuura. Tsvaga maitiro. Mari iri kukura here? Mari iri kutarisirwa here? Chikwereti chekambani chiri kuwedzera kana kudzikira here? Maonero aya anogona kukubatsira kufanotaura kuita ramangwana.

Zvadaro, enzanisa mari yekambani nevakwikwidzi vayo. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se vertical analysis. Inokubatsira kuti unzwisise pakamira kambani muindasitiri yayo. Kana purofiti yekambani yakakwira kupfuura vakwikwidzi vayo, inogona kuratidza hutungamiriri hwepamusoro kana chigadzirwa chakasiyana. Kana yakadzikira, inogona kuratidza matambudziko.

Heano mareshiyo matatu akakosha ekutarisa panguva yako yekuenzanisa ongororo:

1. Mari Yekubatsira: Izvi zvinokuudza kuti yakawanda sei purofiti iyo kambani inoita padhora rega rega rekutengesa. Mari yepurofiti yepamusoro inowanzova nani.
2. Return on Assets (ROA): Izvi zvinoyera kuti kambani inoshandisa sei zvinhu zvayo kuita purofiti. Iyo ROA yepamusoro inoratidza kambani inoshanda zvakanyanya.
3. Chikwereti kune Equity Ratio: Izvi zvinoyera kuwedzera kwemari kwekambani. Chiyero chepamusoro chinogona kuratidza chepamusoro ngozi of default.

3. Kududzira Ongororo

Kunyura muhutano hwemari hwekambani kwakafanana nekuongorora mashandiro akaomarara emuchina wakaoma. Zvinoda ziso rakanaka, pfungwa dzakapinza, uye kunyatsonzwisisa nyaya yezvemari. Paunenge uchinge waunganidza data rinodiwa kubva kumari yekambani, dambudziko chairo rinotanga: kududzira.

Chekutanga kucherechedza ndechekuti manhamba ega haatauri nyaya yese. Context ndiyo yakakosha. Semuenzaniso, chiyero chechikwereti chepamusoro chingaite sechinotyisa pakuona kwekutanga, asi kana chikwereti icho chiri kushandiswa kutsigira kukura mune chikamu chiri kukura, chingave chisiri chinhu chakashata zvakadaro. Saizvozvo, mubairo wakaderera ungaite seunoodza mwoyo, asi kana kambani iri muindasitiri ine makwikwi zvakanyanya uko miganho yakadzikira, inogona kunge iri kuita nemazvo.

Kuti unzwisise nhamba, zvakakosha kuti uzvienzanise ne indasitiri zviyero uye nhoroondo yezvakaitika kare. Izvi zvinokupa benchmark yekuongorora mashandiro ekambani.

• Indasitiri Standards: Kuenzanisa huwandu hwemari hwekambani nehwevakwikwidzi vayo hunogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha mukuita kwayo. Kana kudzoka kwekambani pane equity kwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura vakwikwidzi vayo, inogona kuratidza manejimendi epamusoro kana ad yakasarudzika yemakwikwi.vantage.
• Historical Data: Kutarisa kuenzanirana kwemari yekambani nekufamba kwenguva kunogona kuratidza mafambiro anogona kunge asiri kuoneka nekukurumidza kubva kune rimwe gore data. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma chikwereti-ku-equity ratio inogona kuratidza kuti kambani iri kuramba ichivimba nemari yakakweretwa, inogona kunge iri mureza mutsvuku.

Zvakare, rangarira kufunga nezve macroeconomic environment. Mafambiro emari ekambani haapo pasina. Zvinokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakaita semibairo, inflation, uye kukura kweupfumi. Semuyenzaniso, kambani ine chikwereti chakanyanya inogona kunetsa munzvimbo iri kukwira yemubereko.

Asi, usakanganwa kufunga nezvekambani nzira uye bhizinesi modhi. Kambani ine yakaderera purofiti muchero asi yakakwira vhoriyamu yekutengesa inogona kunge ichitsvaga hutungamiriri hwemutengo, nepo kambani ine purofiti yakakwira asi yakaderera yekutengesa inogona kunge ichitsvaga nzira yekusiyanisa. Kunzwisisa zano rekambani kunogona kukubatsira kuti unzwisise huwandu hwayo hwemari.

Kududzira ongororo yezvemari inyanzvi sesainzi. Zvinoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwebhizinesi, indasitiri, uye nehupamhi hwehupfumi nharaunda. Asi nekudzidzira uye nenzira kwayo, inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha muhutano hwemari hwekambani uye tarisiro yeramangwana.

3.1. Kunzwisisa Zvinorehwa neRatios

Diving headfirst kupinda munyika yezvemari ratios inogona kuva basa rakaoma kune chero trader, zvakadaro chikamu chakakosha chekunzwisisa hutano hwemari hwekambani. Maresheni ndiwo trader's chakavanzika chombo, chishandiso chesvomhu chinocheka nepakati pezvinyorwa zvakaoma zvezvemari kuratidza hungwaru hweruzivo.

Chekutanga, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti reshiyo inzira yekupfupika kwemari. Vanopfupikisa hupfumi hweruzivo kuita chinhu chimwe, chinogayiwa zviri nyore. Chiyero, muchidimbu, kuenzanisa kwemaviri kana anopfuura emari data mapoinzi. Inzira yekubatanidza chidimbu che data rezvemari kune imwe kuti ipe mufananidzo wakakwana wemamiriro ezvemari ekambani.

Somuenzaniso, funga nezve chiyero chazvino. Chiyero ichi chinoenzanisa zvinhu zvekambani zvazvino (mari, inventory, maakaundi anogamuchirwa) nezvikwereti zvazvino (zvikwereti zvenguva pfupi uye zvinobhadharwa). Chiyero chepamusoro chazvino chinogona kuratidza kuti kambani ine zviwanikwa zvekuvhara zvisungo zvayo zvenguva pfupi. Nekudaro, chiyero chepamusoro-soro chinogonawo kuratidza kuti kambani haisi kushandisa midziyo yayo nemazvo.

Ngationgorore imwe chiyero chakakosha - ari chikwereti-ku-equity ratio. Inoyera chikamu chemari yekambani inobva kuchikwereti maringe nekuenzanisa. Chikwereti chepamusoro-ku-equity ratio chinogona kuratidza njodzi yepamusoro, sezvo zvichireva kuti kambani ine chikwereti chakakura. Asi zvakare, mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha. Mamwe maindasitiri, senge zvekushandisa kana kufonera, anowanzo ane zvikwereti zvakakwira nekuda kwehunhu hwawo hwakanyanya.

Profit margin ndechimwe chiyero icho traders kazhinji vanoongorora. Inoratidza kuti yakawanda sei purofiti iyo kambani inoita padhora rega rega rekutengesa. Mubairo wepamusoro unoratidza kambani inoita purofiti ine kudzora zvirinani pamusoro pemitengo yayo kana ichienzaniswa nevakwikwidzi vayo.

Ipapo pane kudzoka pane equity (ROE). Chiyero ichi chinoyera kuti manejimendi ari kushandisa sei zvinhu zvekambani kugadzira purofiti. Iyo ROE yepamusoro inoreva kuti kambani inoshanda zvakanyanya pakugadzira purofiti. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti reshiyo ingori chidimbu chimwe chete chepuzzle. Dzinofanirwa kushandiswa pamwe chete nemamwe maturusi ekuongorora zvemari kuvaka mufananidzo wakazara wehutano hwemari hwekambani. Zvakare, zviyero zvinofanirwa kuenzaniswa kumakambani ese ari muindasitiri imwechete, sezvo zvimiro zvinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya.

Rangarira, sa trader, chinangwa chako ndechekuita zvisarudzo zvine ruzivo. Kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nereshiyo idanho rakakosha pakuzadzisa chinangwa ichocho. Saka, simudza maoko ako uye unyudzwe munyika inonakidza yehuwandu hwemari. Mibayiro yacho inokodzera nhamburiko yacho.

3.2. Kuverenga Pakati peMitsetse

Munyika inonakidza yekuongorora zvemari, haisi yenhamba chete. Zviri pamusoro kuti nhamba idzodzo zvinoreva. Kugona kududzira uye kunzwisisa zviri pazasi nyaya kuseri kwenhamba hunyanzvi hwakakosha kune chero savvy trader.

Ngationgororei mukati memamiriro ezvemari, apo chinhu chega chega chinotaura zvakawanda nezvehutano hwemari hwekambani. Funga nezvayo senyaya yekuferefeta, kwauri kubatanidza zviratidzo kuti uwane mufananidzo wakazara.

Chekutanga, ari mari marit. Gwaro iri rinokuudza kuti imarii yakaitwa nekambani pane imwe nguva uye kuti yakawanda sei iyo yakashandurwa kuita mambure emari. Asi usangotarisa pane zviri pasi. Tarisa gross margin, yekushanda margin, uye net margin. Aya mareshiyo anogona kuratidza kugona kwekambani mukugadzirisa mitengo yayo.

Tevere, iyo Chiyero papepa. Chirevo ichi chinopa mufananidzo wemidziyo yekambani, zvikwereti, uye kuenzana kwevanemasheya pane imwe nguva nenguva. Zvakakosha kuongorora chikwereti-ku-equity ratio, iyo inogona kuratidza kuti kambani iri kutora ngozi yakawanda sei.

Zvadaro, heino chirevo chekuyerera kwemari. Gwaro iri rinoratidza mari ichipinda nekubuda mukambani. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uongorore mafambiro emari kubva mukushanda, izvo zvinoratidza kana bhizinesi rekutanga rekambani rine pundutso.

• Iyo kambani inogadzira kuyerera kwakanaka kwemari kubva mukushanda kwayo?
• Kuyerera kwemari kwekambani kunofananidzwa sei nemari yainowana?
• Iyo kambani iri kuisa mari mukukura kwayo mune ramangwana?

Nekudaro, hazvina kukwana kungotarisa manhamba ari ega. Iwe unofanirwa kuvaenzanisa nenguva dzakapfuura uye nemamwe makambani ari muindasitiri imwe chete. Izvi zvinokupa kunzwisisa kuri nani kwekuita kwekambani uye chinzvimbo chayo chekukwikwidza.

Uyezve, teerera kune zvinyorwa zvepazasi. Vanogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha munzira dzeakaunzi yekambani, zvikwereti zvingangove, uye zvimwe zvakakosha izvo zvingasave pachena kubva kunhamba chete.

Rangarira, kuongororwa kwemari kwakangofanana nesainzi. Zvinoda ziso rakajeka, pfungwa dzakatsoropodza, uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekushanda kwebhizinesi. Sezvo a trader, kugona kwako kuverenga pakati pemitsetse kunogona kuve kiyi yekuona mikana inobhadhara uye kusimuka kubva pane zvinogona kuitika.

4. Kushanda Kushanda Kwemari Yekuongororwa Kwemari

Munyika yekutengeserana, kunzwisisa hutano hwemari hwekambani kwakakosha. Ongororo yekutaura kwemari inopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukubudirira kwekambani, hupfumi, uye kugadzikana kwemari kwese. Ongororo iyi haingori pamusoro pehuwandu hwenhamba; ndezvekududzira nhamba idzi kuita sarudzo dzekutengesa dzine ruzivo.

Chekutanga, chirevo chemari chinhu chakakosha chekuongorora kuita kwekambani. Inopa kutsanangurwa kwakadzama kwemari yekambani, mari, uye mari. Traders inofanirwa kunyatso tarisa kune mari yekambani, sezvo inoratidza kugona kwekambani kugadzira purofiti. Mari inoramba ichiwedzera mambure chiratidzo chakanaka, chinoratidza kukura kwekambani.

Chechipiri, pepa remari rinopa mufananidzo wemidziyo yekambani, zvikwereti, uye kuenzana kwevagovani pane imwe nguva nenguva. Zvinhu zvinosanganisira zvese zvine kambani, kubva pamari uye hesera kusvika kune zvivakwa nemidziyo. Zvikwereti, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinomiririra izvo kambani inokwereta, sezvikwereti uye maakaundi anobhadharwa. Musiyano uripo pakati pemidziyo nezvikwereti unotipa kuenzana kwevaridzi, iyo inomiririra kukosha kwekambani.

Pepa rine hutano rinofanirwa kuratidza kuwedzera kwakasimba kwezvinhu uye kuderera kwezvikwereti nekufamba kwenguva. Kana zvikwereti zvakapfuura zvinhu, chiratidzo dzvuku, zvichiratidza dambudziko remari.

Chechitatu, chirevo chekuyerera kwemari nderimwe gwaro rinokosha kune traders. Inoratidza kuti kambani inobata sei mari yayo, yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: mabasa ekushanda, mabasa ekudyara, uye mabasa emari. Kuyerera kwemari kwakanaka kubva kumabasa ekushanda chiratidzo chakanaka, zvichiratidza kuti kambani inounza mari yakakwana yekuvhara mari yayo yekushandisa.

Chekupedzisira, chirevo chevaridzi vemasheya chinoratidza shanduko mune imwe nguva. Zvinosanganisira kuburitswa kwemasheya matsva, zvikamu zvakabhadharwa, uye mari yekambani kana kurasikirwa. Kuwedzera kwakadzikama kwevaridzi vemasheya kunoratidza kambani ine hutano hwemari.

4.1. Sei Traders Inogona Kushandisa Financial Statement Analysis

Kuongorora chirevo chemari chinhu chine simba chiri mumaoko e traders. Inopa ruzivo rwakakosha muhutano hwemari hwekambani, inogonesa traders kuita zvisarudzo zvine ruzivo. Kunzwisisa zvikamu zvakakosha zvechinyorwa chemari uye madudzirwo ayo akakosha.

• Balance Sheet: Chirevo ichi chinopa mufananidzo wemidziyo yekambani, zvikwereti, uye kuenzana kwevanemasheya pane imwe nguva nenguva. Traders inogona kushandisa izvi kuongorora hupfumi hwekambani, kuwedzera, uye chimiro chemari.
• Chirevo chemari Ichi chirevo chinopfupisa mihoro yekambani, mari, uye zvakashandiswa kwenguva yakati rebei. Traders inogona kushandisa izvi kuongorora purofiti yekambani, kushanda zvakanaka, uye mafambiro ekukura kwemari.
• Cash Flow Statement: Chirevo ichi chinoratidza kuti shanduko mumaakaundi ebharedhi uye mari inowaniswa inokanganisa sei mari uye yakaenzana nemari. Inotyora kuongororwa kusvika pakushanda, kuisa mari, uye kuita mari. Traders inogona kushandisa izvi kuti inzwisise kubuda kwemari kwekambani kubva pamabasa ayo epakati.

Ratio Analysis ndeimwe nzira inoshanda yekuongorora chirevo chemari. Zvinosanganisira kuenzanisa nhamba dzakasiyana kubva pabhareji, chirevo chemari, uye chirevo chekuyerera kwemari kuti uone mapatani, mafambiro, uye anomalies. Zvimwe zvezviyero zvinonyanya kushandiswa ne traders inosanganisira chiyero cheMutengo-kune-Muhoro (P/E), Chikwereti-ku-Equity (D/E) reshiyo, uye Chirevo Chazvino.

Somuenzaniso, i P/E ratio Anobatsira traders inoongorora kana mutengo wemasheya wekambani wakanyanya kuwanda kana kusakosheswa. A high P/E ratio inogona kuratidza kuti stock yakawandisa, kana kuti inogona kuratidza kuti vatengesi vari kutarisira kukura kwakanyanya mune ramangwana.

The D/E ratio chiyero chekuwedzera kwemari yekambani, iyo inopa ruzivo pamusoro pezinga rengozi ine chekuita nechikwereti chekambani. Chiyero chepamusoro cheD/E chinogona kuratidza njodzi yakakura yekutadza kana kubhuroka.

Pakupedzisira, the Razvino chiyero chiyero che liquidity chinoyera kukwanisa kwekambani kubhadhara zvisungo zvenguva pfupi uye zvenguva refu. Chiyero chepamusoro chemazuva ano chinoratidza kuti kambani inokwanisa kubhadhara zvisungo zvayo.

Mukupedzisa, ongororo yezvemari ndiyo hunyanzvi hwekuita traders. Inovapa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwehutano hwemari hwekambani, ichivabatsira kuita sarudzo dzekutengesa dziri nani. Traders nyanzvi yekuongorora chirevo chemari inogona kunge iine yakakosha muganho mumusika.

4.2. Mamiriro ezvinhu muKutengeserana

Kana zvasvika pakutengesa, hazvisi zvenhamba nemachati chete; ndezvenyaya zvakare. Nyaya dzinobuda pamapepa emari, zvirevo zvemari, uye machati ekuyerera kwemari, zvichiratidza hutano, kuita, uye kugona kwekambani. Ngatinyure mune mashoma ezviitiko kuti tinzwisise kuti kuongorora zvemari yekambani kunogona kukanganisa sei sarudzo dzekutengesa.

Fungidzira iwe uri kufunga kuisa mari muKambani A. Iwe unotanga nekuongorora yayo Chiyero papepa. Iwe unoona kuwedzera kwakakosha kwezvinhu zvazvino, kunyanya mumari yayo uye mari yakaenzana. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti kambani ine hutano hwemari uye ine mari yakakwana yekuvhara zvikwereti zvayo zvenguva pfupi. Nekudaro, kunyatsotarisisa chikamu chezvikwereti chinoratidza kukwira kwakanyanya kwechikwereti chenguva pfupi. Iyi inogona kunge iri mureza mutsvuku unoratidza kushushikana kwemari kana riskier financial management.

Tevere, iwe unoenda kune iyo statement statement. Pano, iwe unoona kuti mari yeKambani A yanga ichikura nguva dzose, asi mari yainowana yave kuderera. Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemitengo kana kudzikira kwemarigi, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa purofiti yekambani mukufamba kwenguva.

Pakupedzisira, iwe unoongorora iyo chirevo chekuyerera kwemari. Zvisinei nekudzikira kwemari inowanikwa, unoona kuyerera kwakasimba kwemari kubva kumabasa ekushanda. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kambani iri kuburitsa mari nemazvo kubva kumabasa ayo ekutanga ebhizinesi.

• Nyaya 1: Kambani A inogona kunge iri mari yakanaka kana ichikwanisa kubata chikwereti chayo chenguva pfupi uye kudzora mutengo wayo. Kuyerera kwemari kwakasimba chiratidzo chinovimbisa.
• Case 2: Kana kambani ikatadza kubata chikwereti chayo uye mitengo, zvinogona kutungamira mukunetsekana kwemari, zvichiita kuti ive ine njodzi.

Mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, uri kutarisa kuKambani B. Bazi rayo rinoratidza kuderera kwezvinhu zvazvino uye kuwedzera kwezvikwereti zvenguva refu, zvichiratidza zvinetso zvekushaya mari. Nekudaro, chirevo chayo chemari chinoratidza kukura kunoenderana mumari inowanikwa, uye chirevo chayo chekuyerera kwemari chinoratidza kubuda kwakanaka kwemari kubva kumabasa ekudyara nekuda kwekutengeswa kwebhizinesi unit.

• Nyaya yechitatu: Kambani B inogona kunge iri mari ine njodzi nekuda kweiyo liquidity nyaya. Nekudaro, kana ichigona kushandisa mari kubva kune yakatengeswa bhizinesi unit kubata zvikwereti zvayo, inogona kutendeuka.
• Case 4: Kana kambani ikatadza kubata zvikwereti zvayo, inogona kutarisana nenhamo yemari, zvichiita kuti ive mari ine njodzi kunyangwe inowana mari yakanaka.

Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anoratidza kuti kuongorora masitatimendi emari ekambani kunogona kupa sei traders neruzivo rwakakosha, zvichivabatsira kuita sarudzo dzekutengesa dzine ruzivo. Rangarira, dhiabhorosi ari mune iyo ruzivo, uye izvi zvinyorwa zvinogona kuwanikwa kazhinji mukutaura kwemari.